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Markets

What a Stock Actually Is

A share is a legal claim on a company's assets and earnings, ranked behind everyone else with a claim. That ordering explains most of how equities behave.

Foundations5 min read
Markets

How a Stock Exchange Works

An exchange is a matching engine surrounded by rules. Understanding the order book, the market maker and the auctions explains why liquidity appears and disappears at particular moments.

Foundations5 min read
Markets

Order Types, and What Each One Guarantees

Every order type trades certainty of price against certainty of execution. There is no order that guarantees both, and most execution surprises come from expecting one to.

Foundations5 min read
Markets

The Bid-Ask Spread

The spread is the price of immediacy, paid on every round trip. It is also the most reliable live read on how liquid a stock actually is.

Foundations4 min read
Markets

Market Hours, Premarket and After-Hours

US equities trade for six and a half regular hours and many more extended ones. The extended sessions run on different rules, thinner books and prices that frequently do not survive the open.

Foundations5 min read
Markets

Market Capitalization

Market cap is price multiplied by share count. It is the market's price for the whole equity, and it is the single most useful number for deciding whether two companies are comparable at all.

Foundations4 min read
Markets

ETFs, Index Funds and Mutual Funds

A fund is a basket sold as one security. The differences that matter are how it trades, what decides its holdings, and what it charges.

Foundations4 min read
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